DEIXIS ANALYSIS BETWEEN VEGETABLE SELLER AND BUYERS AT A COMPLEX OF TAMAN KINTAMANI – TAMBUN, BEKASI
=======================================================================
Bejo Sutrisno, M.Pd.
Lecturer of STIBA-IEC
mail2bejosutrisno@gmail.com
(Jurnal: Bahasa Asing/Vol.7/Sekolah Tinggi bahasa Asing JIA/STBA JIA, 2011)
ABSTRACT
This research is about oral discourse which is more focused on
interactional communication. The purpose of this research is to find the
external elements of the discourse. The research subjects taken were the
vegetable seller or TSK (Tukang Sayur
Keliling) and two buyers (Ibu Susanti and Mpok Minah) in a complex Taman
Kintamani, Tambun – Bekasi. This research used Ethnomethodology research. Data
collected using the recording between the research subjects and hand notes.
While the instruments used in this research is the researcher by using
handphone recorder and notes. The data are analyzed using content analysis
technique and then the data is described to find the external elements of text
about deixis. The external elements are (1) person deixis, (2) place deixis,
(3) time deixis, (4) discourse deixis and (5) social deixis.
Key words: pragmatics, text, deixis,
external elements.
Languages are not just sets of
symbols. They also often conform to a rough grammar, or system of rules, used
to manipulate the symbols. While sets of symbols may be used for expression or
communication because there are no clear or regular relationships its symbols
to express clear and regular relationships between them. Donoghue (1975: 5)
states that language is an instrument of social power. It influences beliefs,
attitudes, and behavior. It may even be used, in its extreme form, to control
and manipulate thought.
By using a language, people can
communicate for many purposes. The use
of language as a means of communication is the natural phenomena which occurs
in a human community. In a community, language is spoken contextually under
circumstances. In a language field, the study of contextual meaning is called
pragmatics. Pragmatics is one of the linguistic branches which concerns with
the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted
by a listener (or reader). It has, consequently, more to do with the analysis
of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those
utterances might mean by themselves. In other words, pragmatics is also the
study of speaker meaning (Yule, 1996:3).
Yule (1996) also states that one
traditional distinction in language analysis contrast syntax and semantics.
Syntax is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms, how they are
arranged in sequence, and which sequences are well formed. Semantics is the
study of the relationships between linguistic forms and entities in the world:
that is how words literally connect to things. Meanwhile, pragmatics is the
study of the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those
forms. In this three-part distinction, only pragmatics allows humans into the
analysis.
Based on the observation that the writer
studied, it was found that the communication between vegetable seller (Tukang
Sayur Keliling/ TSK) and buyers (Pembeli: Bu Santi and Mpok Mina) are not
syntactically and semantically. This phenomena arouses the researcher to study
more deeply to analyze the communication pragmatically. One of the phenomena
which is interesting to study is the external elements, in this case is deixis
(person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis)
in a conversation between TSK and buyers.
There are some problems identified from
the conversation between TSK and buyers that the writer arouses in this
research such as; (a) Do TSK and buyers speak syntactically?; (b) Do they speak
semantically?; (c) Do They speak using some external elements in this case is deixis?;
and (e) What types of deixis they use in their conversation?
The main focus of this research is the
external elements of a text of a conversation between a vegetable seller or TSK
and buyers. The sub-focuses of this research are to see whether there are the
external elements or not which appear in a text. The external elements are (1) person deixis,
(2) place deixis, (3) time deixis, (4) discourse deixis, and (5) social deixis.
The purpose of this research is to find
out (1) the external elements of a text which is transcribed from short
conversation into a text between TSK and buyers in a “complex of Taman
Kintamani, Tambun – Bekasi” , and (2) another element which is not appeared in
a text.
This simple
research reviews some theories on conversation analysis which consists of the
external elements of a text in a language. It has been divided into three
sections: Definition
of Text, Understanding of a Deixis, and types of Deixes.
Definition of Text
Discourse analysis is more interesting
in how the sentences in a text are organized, how they relate to one another.
Understanding a text, there are some linguists give the definition differently.
Nuttall (1996:24) states that a text is a piece of language, complete in itself
and written (or spoken) for a purpose. It could consist of a single sentence or
even a single word, such as a sign saying DANGER!
Text is the main body of printed words in a book as opposed to the notes
and illustrations, etc. Lyons (1996:263) states simply that a text is a
sequence of sentences. Whereas, Mulyana (2005:1) cited by Zubaidah (Jurnal Bahtera no. 9, 2006:23), states that text is
a very complete and complex language element. To write a good text, a writer
should know how to organize the structure and content what they want to write.
Naturally, there is a great deal of
interest in the structure of discourse, with particular attention being paid to
what makes a well-formed text. Within this structural perspective, the focus is
on topics such as the explicit connections between sentences in a text that
create cohesion, or on elements of textual organization that are characteristic
of storytelling, for example, as distinct from opinion expressing and other
text types (Yule, 1996: 84). Yule also states that within the study of
discourse, the pragmatic perspective is one specialized. It tends to focus
specifically on aspects of what is unsaid or unwritten (yet communicated)
within the discourse being analyzed. External elements of text are to be parts
of a text, but it is not stated explicitly, Brown and Yule (1983:28-34).
From the statements above that in
analyzing a discourse or a text, the pragmatic perspective is more specialized.
Understanding a Deixis
Understanding the definition of deixis, many linguists have presented
the definition of deixis variously.
Jaszczolt (2002: 191) states that ‘deixis’ derives from Ancient Greek
which means ‘to show’, ‘to point out. Deixis
is the phenomenon of encoding contextual information by means of lexical items
of grammatical distinctions that provide this information only when paired with
this context. In other words, it means lexicalizing or grammaticalizing contextual information, that is making it
into obligatory grammatical or lexical distinctions. They give instructions to
the addressee that context has to be consulted in order to grasp the meaning of
the utterance. Fromkin in her book “An Introduction to Language (1998: 199)
says that in all languages there are many words and expressions whose reference
relies entirely on the situational context of the utterance and can only be
understood in light of these circumstances. This aspect of pragmatics is called
deixis. First and second person
pronouns such as; my, mine, you, your,
yours, we, ours, and us are always deictic because their reference is
entirely dependent on context. You must know who the speaker and listener are
in order to interpret them.
Meanwhile, Yule (1996:9) states that deixis is a technical term (from Greek)
for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. It meas ‘pointing’ is
called a deictic expression. Hurford (1984:63) also states that a deictic word is one which takes some
element of its meaning from the situation (i.e. the speaker, the addressee, the
time and the place) of the utterance in which it is used. Furthermore, Jack
Richards, et.al (1985:75) states in their
book “Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics” that deixis is a term for a word or phrase which directly relates an utterance
to a time, place, or person(s).
Since deictic expressions only require
meaning when interpreted by the hearer, they belong to the domain of
pragmatics. However, since the resolution of their meaning is necessary in order
to know the meaning of the proposition and its truth conditions, then at the
same time they are in the domain of semantics. In other words, in the case of
deictic expressions, the pragmatic processes of reference resolution intrude
into the semantics. Geneally, deictic expressions are slots, place-holders for
referring expressions, which in turn are provided by the context, that is by
the situation, previous discourse, pointing and so forth.
In pragmatics and linguistics, deixis is
a process whereby words or expressions rely absolutely on context. A word that
depends on deictic clues is called a deictic or a deictic word. Pro-forms are
generally considered to be deictics, but a finer distinction is often made
between personal pro-forms such as I, you,
and it (commonly referred to as
personal pronouns) and pro-forms that refer to places and times such as now, then, here, there. In most texts,
the word deictic implies the latter
but not necessarily the former.
It is common for languages to show at
least a two-way referential distinction in their deictic system: proximal, i.e.
near or closer to the speaker, and distal, i.e. far from the speaker and/or
closer to the addressee. English exemplifies this with such pairs as this and
that, here and there, etc. in other languages the distinction is three-way:
proximal, i.e. near the speaker, medial, i.e. near the addressee, and distal,
i.e. far from both.
It is clear that the meaning of
utterance in deictic expression can be interpreted through context and we must
know who the speaker and listener are being interpreted by certain situation.
Types of Deixis
Deictic expressions are also sometimes
called indexicals or indexical expressions but some philosophers confine the
term ‘indexical’ only to pronouns ‘I’ and ‘you’ and adverbs ‘here’ and ‘now
because their role in a sentence is constant.
According to Jaszczolt, Deixis
has been classified in the literature as
(1) person deixis; (2) place deixis; (3) time deixis; (4) discourse deixis; and
(5) social deixis. Those types of deixis are discussed as follows:
1) Person deixis
Person deixis encodes the role of participants in the speech event, such
as speaker, addressee, other entities. Person
deixis is encoded in pronouns: ‘I’ for the speaker, ‘you’ for the
addressee, ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’, ‘we’, ‘they’, for others. Pronoun system
different from language to language: different information is
grammaticalized. Person deixis can be grasped only when we understand the roles of
the speaker, source of the utterance, recipient, the target of the utterance,
and hearers who are not addressees or targets. Only then can we successfully
replace the pronoun and adjectives as in the examples of (a) by those in (b) or
(c) in processing the utterance.
(a) Give me your hand.
(b) Give him your hand.
(c) I give him my hand.
2) Place deixis
Place deixis encodes spatial locations relative to the interlocutors.
Here we allocate demonstratives – proximal and distal in English, and adverbs
of place: ‘here’ and ‘there’. Place
deixis specifies the location relative to the speaker and the addressee as
in ‘ten meters further’, ‘ten miles east of here’, ‘here’, ‘there’. ‘Here’ as the unit of space the includes the
place the location of the speakers at the time of the utterance or a location
proximal to the speaker’s location at the time of the utterance the place pointed
at if the use of ‘here’ is gestural. In
some cultures, demonstratives can be distinguished on principles other than
distance from the speaker, such as (i) close to the addressee, (ii) close to
the audience, (iii) close to persons not participating in the event as well as
(iv) on the basis of directions – above, below, or even (v) visible-non-visible
to the speaker or (vi) upriver-downriver from the speaker, depending on the
system of conceptualizing space used in the particular language. Place deixis can
also be used for time as in an example (d).
(d) I live ten minutes from here.
Place deixis
presupposes time deixis: the locations are specified with respect to the time
of utterance.
It is not always easy to decide whether
the use of an expression is deictic or non-deictic. For example, in (e), the
tree can be at the back of the car or hidden from view by the car.
(e) The tree is behind the car.
Similarly, in an
example (f), the boy can be placed to Tom’s left or to the left of Tom from the
speaker’s point of reference.
(f) The boy is to the left of Tom.
3) Time deixis
Time deixis encodes temporal units relative to the time of the utterance.
Here we distinguish coding time (time of utterance) and receiving time (time of
the recovery of the information by the hearer). Tense markers and adverbs of
time (‘now’, ‘tomorrow’, ‘next year’) also belong to this category. Time deixis is also oriented towards the
in discourse. ‘Now’ means the time at
which the speaker is producing the utterance. It is the coding time, different
from the receiving time, although in practice the events of coding and
receiving are , with an allowed approximation, co-temporal. The deictic centre
can be projected on to the addressee as in an example below. ‘Now’ refers to
the time at which the addressee learns the truth, which follows the time at
which the author of the letter coded the message.
For example:
(g) You know the whole truth now. I knew it a
week ago, so I wrote this letter.
4) Discourse deixis
Discourse deixis encodes reference to portion of discourse. Discourse deixis is not one of the basic deictic categories. By means
of this device we can refer to portions of discourse, as in ‘in the last
paragraph’, ‘this story’, sentence-initial ‘therefore’, ‘in conclusion’,
‘anyway’, ‘all in all’, where the reference is relative to the utterance.
Discourse deixis is deictic reference to
a portion of a discourse relative to the speaker’s current “location” in the
discourse. Example, the use of this
to refer to a story one is about to tell in:
(h) I bet you haven’t heard this story. (Levisnon 1983:63)
Another example
of discourse deixis is:
(i) I keep my car in the garage but my next-door
neighbor keeps it in is drive.
We call this
usage of ‘it’ discourse-deictic. C. Lyons (1999:28) calls this an example of an
identify of sense anaphora. Discourse deixis also encodes reference to portion
of discourse as in (j).
(j) I am hungry – that is what I said.
5) Social deixis
Social deixis encodes social relationships and other social distinctions.
Social deixis concerns social
relationships between participants, their status and relations to the topic of
discourse. Relationships that are relevant in their type of deixis include
these between the speaker and the addressee, between other participants, the
speaker and the object spoken about and soon. Devices used for the purpose of
this deixis include varying forms of address, pronouns of politeness, kinship
terms and honorifics, in particular addressee and referent honorifics.
Social deixis is the use of different deictics to express social
distinctions. An example is difference between formal and polite pro-forms.
Relational social deixis is where the form of word used indicates the relative
social status of the addressor and the addressee. For example, one pro-form
might be used to address those of higher social rank, another to address those
of less or social rank, another to address those of the same social rank. By
contrast, absolute social deixis indicates a social standing irrespective of
the social standing of the speaker. Thus, village chiefs might always be
addressed by a special pro-form, regardless of whether it is someone below
them, above them or at the same level of the social hierarchy who is doing the
addressing.
From the five types of deixis above, some linguists (Charles Fillmore,
Stephen Levinson), in Jaszczolt, analyze all five types of deixis as instances
of the same phenomenon. But discourse
and social deixis seem to differ from
the three basic categories of person,
place and time deixis. They
grammaticalize or lexicalize certain distinctions relative to context, but may
not need context for interpreting them.
METHOD
The method used in this paper is
qualitative research method which emphasizes on ethnomethodology in which
the link between a group’s everyday activities and its social structure (Gay,
2000:202). This research is to describe and interpret the exact data based on
the phenomena the researcher found. The
main data in this research is recorded data which is transcribed into a text between
TSK and buyers. The research data was gained by recording and transcribing into
a text. Before doing the research, observation was studied and continued with
data collection. Recoding was done when TSK arrived in front of the buyer’s
house and the process of selling and buying was occurring. The instrument used
in this research is the researcher himself using hand phone recorder and hand
notes. The whole data is analyzed based on content analysis which is
transcribed from the recording. Based on the transcription to the text, the
external elements are found which appear based on the context.
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
There are five
external elements found in this simple research which are transcribe to the
text ( person deixis, place deixis, time
deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis). The five external elements
are discussed as follows:
1)
Person deixis
Person deixis which appears from the
conversation between TSK and buyers is cited below.
(1) Bu Santi :
Kemarin nggak jualan Bang Dul?
(Mr. Dul, didn’t You sell vegetables yesterday?)
TSK : Si kecil lagi nggak enak
badan.
(My
little daughter was sick)
The word ‘Si kecil’, it is clear that
‘Si kecil’ is the TSK’s daughter. Between the speaker and the addressee understand
who ‘Si kecil’ is. The addressee knows that Bang Dul has a little daughter. Pay
attention to the utterance below.
(2) Bu Santi : Ayamnya habis bang?
(Is the chicken sold out, sir?)
TSK :
Hari ini Cuma bawa dua potong.
Yang sepotong dibeli sama tetangga
dan yang satunya -
lagi sama Ibu Rahmat yang punya wartel.
(Today, I
only brought two chickens. One was bought by my neighbor and the other one by Mrs. Rahmat the owner of public
phone).
The word ‘tetangga’ means ‘my neighbor’ it means the speaker’s neighbor, in this case
TSK’s neighbor. The word ‘saya’ uttered
by Bu Santi below is also a person deixis.
(3) Bu
Santi : Besok saya pesen satu potong ya bang, buat
bikin opor.
The word ‘saya’ in (3) refers to the
speaker/addressor. It is understood that ‘saya’ is Bu Santi. But the word ‘emaknya’ in (4) means TSK’s little daughter’s mother (TSK’s wife).
Contextually, between the speaker and listener understand that meaning.
(4) Bu Santi : Kan ada emaknya di rumah?
(There was her mother at home. Wasn’t there?)
TSK :
Emaknya juga repot nungguin warung.
(Her mother was also busy waiting the stall)
2) Place
deixis
Place deixis specifies the location relative to the speaker and the
addressee. Look at (5), the word ‘rumah’ means a place which belongs to the
speaker, Bang Dul’s family.
(5) Bu Santi : Kan ada emaknya di rumah?
(There was her mother at home. Wasn’t there?)
3)
Time deixis
Time deixis encodes temporal units relative to the time of the utterance.
Pay attention to sentence (6).
(6) Bu Santi : Kemarin
nggak jualan Bang Dul?
(Mr. Dul, didn’t You sell vegetables
yesterday?)
The word ‘kemarin’ implies the day
before the speaker uttered. It is understood between the speaker ad the hearer.
Other examples can be seen in sentences (7) and (8). These sentences concise
Time deictic expression.
(7) Bu Santi : Besok saya pesen satu potong ya bang, buat bikin opor.
(Sir,
tomorrow I order one chicken to make chicken curry)
(8) Bu Santi : Nih kembali dua ribu. Jangan lupa besok ayamnya ya.
(here it is, give me change two thousands.
Don’t forget to
bring my order tomorrow)
In sentences (7) and (8) the word ‘besok’
refers to one day after that day the speaker uttered. It means between speaker
and listener understood what the speaker means.
4)
Discourse deixis
Pay attention to sentences (9), (10) and
(11).
(9) Mpok Minah : Ini
wortel berapa bang?
(How
much is this carrot, sir?)
TSK :
Tujuh ratus aja.
(just seven hundreds)
(10) Mpok Minah : Udah nih
bang hitung berapa semua.
(How
much are these all?)
(11) TSK : …….. semua jadi tiga ribu tujuh ratus.
(…..
all becomes three thousand-seven hundreds)
(12) Bu Santi : nih bang hitung, berapa semua?
(Here
they are. How much are these all?)
The word ‘ini’ in (9) and ‘nih’ in (10)
and (12) as well as the word ‘semua’ in (10), (11) and (12) are discourse
deictic expression because they encode reference to portion of discourse.
5)
Social deixis
Pay attention to the social deixis in
this conversation.
(13) Bu Santi : Ayamnya habis bang?
(Is the chicken sold out, sir?)
(14) TSK : Hari ini Cuma bawa dua
potong.
Yang sepotong dibeli sama tetangga dan yang satunya -
lagi sama Ibu Rahmat yang
punya wartel.
(Today, I
only brought two chickens. One was bought by my neighbor and the other one by
Mrs. Rahmat the owner of public phone).
In sentence (13) the word ‘bang’ to
indicate that the speaker addresses to the addressor politely, meanwhile in
(14) the word ‘ibu’ is culturally used to respect an older woman or to address
a woman politely.
CONCLUSION
Based on data analysis, the writer found
the five external elements of deictic expression in conversation which is
transcribed into a text. The five external elements are (1) person deixis, (2)
place deixis, (3) time deixis, (4) discourse deixis and (5) social deixis. It
shows that the external elements in a language cannot be separated and it must be communicated by a speaker and
interpreted by listener contextually and pragmatically. Only the addressor and
addressee can understand the meaning in
certain situation.
REFERENCES
Donough, Mildred R. The practice of English Language Teaching. New York: Longman
Fromkin, Victoria and Robert Rodman. 1998. An Introduction to Language. Harcourt
Brace College Publishers.
Gay, L.R dan Peter Airasian, Educational Research. Prentice Hall, Inc, 2000
Hurford, James R and Brendan Heasly. 1984. Semantics: a course book. Cambridge
University Press.
Jaszczolt, K.M.
2002. SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS. Longman.
Journal : BAHTERA., No. 9, Tahun ke – 5, Januari
2006. UNJ.
Lyons, John.
1996. Linguistic Semantics. Cambridge
University Press.
Nuttal, Christian. 1996. Teaching Reading Skills in a
Foreign Language. Heinemann.
Purwo, Bambang Kaswanti. 1990. Pragmatik dan Pengajaran Bahasa. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius.
Richard, Jack, John Plat and Heidi Weber. 1985. Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics. Longman
Yule, Goerge.
1996. PRAGMATICS. Oxford University
Press.
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar