Phonetics is concerned with how sounds are produced, transmitted
and perceived (we will only look at the production of sounds). Phonology is
concerned with how sounds function in relation to each other in a language. In
other words, phonetics is about sounds of language, phonology about sound
systems of language. Phonetics is a descriptive tool necessary to the study of
the phonological aspects of a language.
Phonetics and phonology are worth studying
for several reasons. One is that as all study of language, the study of
phonology gives us insight into how the human mind works. Two more reasons are
that the study of the phonetics of a foreign language gives us a much better
ability both to hear and to correct mistakes that we make, and also to teach
pronunciation of the foreign language (in this case English) to others.
As phonetics and phonology both deal with
sounds, and as English spelling and English pronunciation are two very
different things, it is important that you keep in mind that we are not interested
in letters here, but in sounds. For instance, English has not 5 or 6 but 20
different vowels, even if these vowels are all written by different
combinations of 6 different letters, "a, e, i, o, u, y". The
orthographic spelling of a word will be given in italics, e.g. please, and the phonetic transcription between square brackets [pli:z].
Thus the word please consists of three consonants, [p,l,z], and
one vowel, [i:]. And sounds considered from the phonological point of view are
put between slashes. We will use the symbols in figure (1).
1.
LIST OF SYMBOLS
1) Consonnants
/p/ as in pea /b/ as
in bee
/t/ as in toe /d/ as
in doe
/k/ as in cap /g/ as
in gap
/f/ as in fat /v/ as
in vat
/θ/ as in thing /ð/ as in this
/s/ as in sip /z/ as
in zip
/∫/
as
in ship /ʒ/ as in measure
/h/ as in hat
/m/ as in map
/l/ as
in led
/n/ as in nap /r/ as
in red
/ŋ/ as
in hang /j / as
in yet
/w/ as in wet
/t∫/ as in chin /ʤ/ as in gin
2) Vowels
/I/ as in pit
/i:/ as
in key
/e/ as in pet /ɑ:/ as in car
/æ/ as in pat /ɔ:/ as
in core
/ʌ/ as in putt /u:/ as
in coo
/ɒ/ as in pot /Ə:/ as
in cur
/ʊ/ as in put
/Ə/ as in about
/ei/
as
in bay /Əʊ/ as in go
/ai/
as
in buy /aʊ/ as in cow
/ɔi/ as in boy
/IƏ/ as
in peer
/eƏ/ as
in pear
/ʊƏ/ as in poor
2.
PHONETICS
2.1.
The Speech Organs
All the organs shown on figure (1) contribute to the production of
speech. All the sounds of English are made using air on its way out from the
lungs. The lungs pull in and push out air, helped by the diaphragm. The air
goes out via the trachea, where the first obstruction it meets is the larynx,
which it has to pass through. Inside the larynx the air passes by the vocal
folds, which, if they vibrate, make the sound voiced. Afterwards the air goes
up through the pharynx, and escapes via either the oral or the nasal cavity.
Almost all the organs involved in speech production also have
other functions. The lungs and the diaphragm are obviously involved in
breathing, as is the nasal cavity, which cleans, heats and humidifies the air
that is breathed in. The teeth and the tongue play a part digestion, and in a
way, so do the vocal folds, as they have to be closed when swallowing, to keep
the food from going down the wrong way.
There are 4 places in which a sound can be modified. You have to
add to this the fact that the vocal folds can vibrate.
2.2. Consonants
On the way out
the air flow can be more or less obstructed, producing a consonant, or is
simply modified, giving a vowel. If you pronounce the first sound of the word paper you close your mouth completely and that is the utmost
obstruction, whereas if you pronounce the first sound of the word after the mouth is more open than normal, the air flows as freely as it
possibly can.
Consonants are often classified by being given a so-called
VPM-label. VPM stands for Voicing, Place and Manner:
- voicing means that the vocal folds are
used; if they are not, the sound is voiceless (note that vowels always imply
the use of vocal folds).
- place of articulation is the place where
the air flow will be more or less obstructed.
- manner is
concerned with the nature of the obstruction.
2.2.1
Voicing
The larynx is
in the neck, at a point commonly called Adam's apple. It is like a box, inside
which are the vocal folds, two thick flaps of muscle. In a normal position, the
vocal folds are apart and we say that the glottis is open (figure 4.a). When
the edges of the vocal folds touch each other, air passing through the glottis
will usually cause vibration (figure 4.b). This opening and closing is repeated
regularly and gives what is called voicing
The only distinction between the first sounds of sue and
zoo for
example is that [s] is voiceless, [z] is voiced. The same goes for few and
view,
[f] is voiceless, [v] is voiced. If you now say [ssssszzzzzsssss] or
[fffffvvvvvfffff] you can either hear the vibrations of the [zzzzz] or [vvvvv]
by sticking your fingers into your ears, or you can feel them by touching the
front of your larynx (the Adam's Apple).
This distinction is quite important in English, as there are many
pairs of sounds that differ only in voicing. In the examples below the first
sound is voiceless, the other is voiced: pie/buy, try/dry,
clue/glue, chew/Jew, thigh/thy. This distinction can also be made in
between two vowels: rapid/rabid, metal/medal, or at the end of a word: pick/pig, leaf/leave, rich/ridge.
In English the following consonants are voiced: b, d, g, v, ð, z, ʒ , l, r, j, w, ʤ, m, n, ŋ
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